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Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
Safety monitoring
These are placed on primary containers and standalone Threshhold indicators are used in addition to VVMs when vaccines are kept in a controlled temperature chain (CTC).
https://www.gavi.org/sites/default/files/about/market-shaping/Phase-I/5_VIPS%20Phase%20I_Executive%20Summary_Combined%20Vaccine%20Vial%20Monitor%20%28VVM%29%20and%20Threshold%20Indicators%20%28TI%29.pdf